CHAPTER SIX

THE JUDICIAL POWERS

ARTICLE 108

The judicial power shall be vested in the Courts established by law and shall be exercised by the Courts in accordance with the law and in the name of the Emperor. Except in situations declared in conformity with the provisions of Article 29 of the present Constitution, no person, except those in active military service, may be subject to trial by military courts.

ARTICLE 109

There shall be a Supreme Imperial Court and such other courts as may be authorized or established by law. The jurisdiction of each court shall be established by law.

ARTICLE 110

The judges shall be independent in conducting trials and giving judgments in accordance with the law. In the administration of justice, they submit to no other authority than that of the law.

ARTICLE 111

The judges shall be appointed by the Emperor. They shall be of the highest character and reputation and shall be experienced and skilled in the law which they may be called upon to apply. Their nomination. Appointment, promotion, removal, transfer and retirement shall be determined by special law governing the Judiciary.

ARTICLE 112

Judges shall sit in public, except that in cases which might endanger public order or affect public morals they may sit in camera.